Sexism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexism - Essay Example Ladies have nothing to demonstrate except for there are as yet a few men who accept that ladies are second rate compared to men and ought to be stifled. This inclination can likewise be an aftereffect of frailty, a few ladies can beat men in pretty much every field, this is the reason men want to stifle ladies. Men offer misogynist comments since they accept that ladies are mediocre, Andy Gray’s model is extremely suitable here, he believed that a lineswoman can never proceed just as a linesman and this is the reason he offered chauvinist comments and was later sacked. Saying anything improper regarding ladies is called sexism, for example a few men imagine that when a lady representative gets advanced she gets her advancement by leaving her ways and giving sexual favors to her chief, this is a fine case of sexism. They use language which is past the pale; such things ought to be held under ideal control in an association. Ladies get assaulted so much of the time in Asian nations, this is a direct result of sexism. Ladies haters assault them not for sexual intrigue yet to exact agony on them. Separating a lady genuinely and mentally is as a general rule the primary point of a culprit. Ladies ought to be dealt with reasonably and they ought to be given regard, there is no explanation concerning why they ought not be regarded in the general public. They have just substantiated themselves and need not substantiate themselves any further. Residential work is underestimated; Karl Marx had significant issues with this. He said that ladies ought to be paid for local work, ladies work relentlessly however we neglect to recognize their commitment. They bring up kids yet don't get enough acknowledgment for it. To finish up it is reasonable for state that sexism in any structure ought to be disheartened, our general public would turn out to be so much better should we begin approaching ladies with deference. They have the right to be regarded and not to be assaulted and misused. Andy Gray Sacked (2011).

Labour markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Work markets - Essay Example The three mainstays of the plan of the association incorporate the intension of making the future work palatable for the representatives, to stay aware of the adjustments in the social foundation and the perspectives of the representatives working in the multicultural associations of the globalized world, just as to make a free streaming society in the work environment where the association is set up. The subject of improving the nature of work life is a broadly examined point since quite a while. This report targets giving a basic examination of the different issues that are of worry to the human asset chiefs. In the underlying piece of the report a writing audit has been done to feature the issues that have been tended to in the worldwide writing. The fundamental area of the exposition manages huge number of inquiries including the degree to which the objectives are significant for the connections of boss worker in the various cases, the methodology of accomplishment of such object ives just as the issues that may manifest in the situation of the current day work advertise. Academic assets like books, diaries also significant sites have been counseled to direct a survey of the writing that have been composed on this point just as the basic examination on this inquiry. Writing Review This segment of the writing survey is an endeavor to interface the three principle parts of work life balance which incorporates the work that the individual does the workforce in the association and the work environment of the representatives in question. It is fundamental for each association to have a legitimate harmony among family and work which in any case would offer ascent to issues of contention as per Greenhaus and Beutell (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985, pp. 76-88). The earth at work influences the exhibition soundness of the representatives. There is a high connection between's the work units and the adequacy of the work frameworks in which representatives perform. Every o ffice in an association contain groups and the exhibition of the groups in an aggregate way adds to the all out profitability of the associations. Along these lines the presentation of the groups is critical from the perspective of the association. It has been seen through different works of research that the total of the exhibitions of the people would be not as much as that which would be contributed by a whole group (Parker, 1990, pp. 63-86). Consequently the responsibility and commitment of the group are significant for the development of the association and the advancement of the workers. Analysts have made examinations with respect to the work hours of the individual representatives, the degree of occupation fulfillment, the wellbeing and the prosperity of the representatives. It has been discovered that every one of these elements have an immediate connection with the degree of execution of the representatives and the manner in which they are focused on the work they have bee n appointed. The business forms are legitimately connected with the work life that the representatives have. It has been discovered that the individuals who work in associations which ensure a decent work life balance are progressively engaged with the work at office (Williams and Adam-Smith, 2010, pp. 26-49). The assorted variety and adaptability in the association culture make the work environment helpful for the representatives. An adaptable work environment has a significant job to

Fast Foods Restaurants Example

Fast Foods Restaurants Example Fast Foods Restaurants â€" Essay Example > The paper “ Fast Foods Restaurants” is an exceptional example of an essay on family and consumer science. I occasionally go to eat at fast foods restaurants. I know that the food they serve in these places is the healthiest food for me or anyone, but it is relatively cheap and very practical. There is nothing wrong with eating at these places. The media in general has made it seem as if fast food restaurant such as McDonalds are evil places because of the fat content of their menu. They try to blame fast foods for America’ s obesity problem. In reality the problem comes when people make eating at fast foods a daily ritual. I understand that it is easier to simply go out to eat fast than cooking a home meal, but one must pay attention to our diet in order to stay in good shape. Along with the actual act of eating fast food restaurant serve another purpose in society. People often utilize fast foods as a way to share time with friends and family together. Sometimes due to our busy lifestyles we don’ t find the time to eat together in same table with your loved ones. As far as the fast food in the marketplace my favorite fast food restaurant is Taco Bell. I love their tacos and double deckers. Taco Bell is one of the cheapest of all food restaurants which offers a great variety of Mexican meals. The quality of their food is higher than other fast food restaurants. Fast food restaurant are good businesses that provide young people opportunities for employment. Another good thing about fast food restaurants is that a lot of them stay open until late and some are open 24 hours which allows people with odd working schedules a change to get bite to eat after work.

Protection Of Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1525 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Did you like this example? I firmly believe that terrorism must be confronted in a manner that respects human rights law. Insisting on a human rights-based approach and a rule of law approach to countering terrorism is imperative. Over the long term, a commitment to uphold respect for human rights and the rule of law will be one of the keys to success in countering terrorism not an impediment blocking our way. -Former High Commissioner for Human Rights, Louise Arbour Distinguished members of the Human Rights Council, dear stakeholder representatives, Counter-terrorism policies led to violations of human rights way before 2001. However, the subject of the violation of human rights in connection with countering terrorism has attracted more interest since the establishment of counter-terrorism policies in so many new countries which came along with the terrorist attacks on 11th September 2001. Already seven years ago the Security Council stated that states must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, and should adopt such measures in accordance with international law, in particular international human rights, refugee, and humanitarian law.  [1]  It is a good thing is the answer you would get if you ask random people about countering-terrorism but everybody following the media even if just sparely came across Guantà ¡namo, Secret Detention, Waterboarding and many more ke ywords in this topic area. This guide will give you a rough overview topic two; essential to your proper preparation as a delegate is nevertheless your own research. Short introductions should normally not name too much references, however I decided to mention all the important resolutions and reports because it is crucial to have the same base in order to have a constructive discussion on the topic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Protection Of Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism International Law Essay" essay for you Create order Promotion and protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism Quo Vadis? First of all the question about a proper definition of what terrorism is has to be asked since there remains no definitive consensus. National states such as India, Syria, United Kingdom and the United States included definitions of terrorism in their national law. The United Nations General Assembly in its non-binding United Nations Declaration to supplement the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism, also tried to define what terrorist activities are.  [2]  In addition the Security Council  [3]  condemned terrorist acts as: Criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act, which constitute offenses within the scope of and as def ined in the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, are under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature.  [4] Historical Overview / Recent Development The most important resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism yet is A/HRC/7/7 (2008) which emphasizes the obligation of States to respect that certain rights are non-derogable in any circumstances.  [5] Furthermore a universal periodic review on the issue was established in 2006 which covers 48 States each year and by the beginning of 2012 will have covered all Member States.  [6]  The HRC recognized this review as a tool for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism in A/HRC/10/15 (2009). A/RES/60/288 (2006) defined the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and a plan of action to support the practical work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force which was established in July 2005. This strategy was reaffirmed by all member states of the General Assembly who agreed on a comprehensive response towards ter rorism including the recognition that the protection of human rights and the respect for the rule of law are not conflicting goals with effective counter-terrorism.  [7]  Led by the OHCHR the Task Force created the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism whose members among others include the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, the Office of Legal Affairs, the World Bank, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. This working group organizes events such as expert seminars in order to analyze the effects of terrorism and counter-terrorism on cultural, economic and social rights. It is also crucial to mention the Counter-Terrorism Committee which successfully implemented human rights concerns into its work based on Security Council resolut ions S/RES/1624 (2005) and S/RES/1373 (2001). When talking about Human Rights challenges in the context of counter-terrorism the focus is always on one of the following subjects: The right to life; Transfer of individuals suspected of terrorist activity; Profiling and the principle of non-discrimination; The principle of legality and the definition of terrorism; Freedom of association; Economic, social and cultural rights; Challenges to the absolute prohibition against torture; Liberty and the security of the person; Due process and the right to fair trial; Freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to terrorism; Surveillance, data protection and the right to privacy.  [8] Compliance with international human rights standards is essential where any counter-terrorism measure involves the deprivation of an individuals liberty as stated in paragraph 32 of the report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the protection of human rights and fundam ental freedoms while countering terrorism.  [9]  Even and especially in cases of public emergency it is of upmost importance to uphold the universal and fundamental human rights. National borders should not be obstacles to fulfillment of human rights obligation; most efforts to successfully combat terrorism are based on international cooperation and any failure to respect HR decreases their effectiveness.  [10] Recommendations for your preparation Does your country have a specific counter-terrorism strategy or even a law concerning CT and what does look like? Many states have provisory CT laws in force nowadays and a lot of them do not comply with Human Rights obligations. Are there any reported cases of HR violations in your country and how did your government react? This might be very important to know; if for example secret detention exists in your country you might not want to talk about it but if some other country accuses you of having it, it is crucial that you are at least aware of the facts. Based on the specific background of your country, what are the most important HR violations to discuss? Fundamental Human Rights such as equal protection under the rule of law or the freedom of speech are always important to discuss and guarantee, but perhaps your country faces a special situation and it is important to table that topic to the members or the HRC. What contracts did your country sign regarding the issu e and which workgroups, committees or task forces does it support or participate in? Some states might have obligations due to the fact that they participate in international operating institutions to fight Human Rights violations. What are your proposed solutions or constructive suggestions to improve the current situation? Examples might include the creation of new workgroups and task-forces or measures of implementing fundamental Human Rights into national laws on fighting terrorism. Writing a position paper which covers the main aspects of your preparation, a conclusion and suggestions on the issue to be discussed is strongly encouraged; however, it is not mandatory for this conference. Must Reads Report of the Secretary-General A/64/186 (2009) on the Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms. This report of the Secretary General is an excellent preparatory document to participate in a substantiated discussion on the issue. It describes recent development and how the different existing UN bodies are involved in the process of promotion and protection of Human Rights. The stated conclusions of that report can be used as a common base for negotiations in the HRC sessions at HamMUN 2010. UNHCHR Fact Sheet No. 32 (2008) on Human Rights, Terrorism and Counter-terrorism. This official UNHCHR fact sheet gives detailed information about everything related to the topic of Human Rights and terrorism; beginning with the definitions on terrorism and Human Rights it gives perfect background knowledge on the impact of CT on HR. The specific Human Rights Challenges earlier mentioned in this preparation guide are separately described in the third and last part of this document. For your proper preparation it is advisable to take a closer look at this report. Useful sources concerning research The United Nation Documents Archive https://www.un.org/en/documents/index.shtml Official UN Press Releases on any topic can be found here https://www.un.org/en/unpress/index.asp The Universal Declaration of Human Rights https://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html Access to the different bodies under the UNHCHR https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/ Universal Human Rights Index of United Nations Documents https://www.universalhumanrightsindex.org/hrsearch/displayAdvancedSearch.do?lang=en

The Sociology Of War And Violence Essay - 1459 Words

Talking about war tends to make people feel emotional, feel a sort of adrenaline rush, mad, and even proud. These emotions can at times, in my opinion, bring groups together and separate others because of disagreements on views and beliefs. While it is not easy to talk to anyone about delicate topics such as this one, it is important to acknowledge how war can influence societal behavior and culture. Many can argue that war unites people, particularly speaking of the United States; a country is known for its patriotism and pride when it comes down to its military forces and achievements across nations. The book â€Å"The Sociology of War and Violence†, gives an insight of how war can be understood from different perspectives. While war is believed by some that people come together in solidarity, the chapters on nationalism and war as well as propaganda and war, analyzed important factors such as the understanding of war and its impact on societies culture at a macro level. It is easy to argue that we can easily assume war brings the best in individuals when society is facing mutual concerns and worries. When society comes together as one it brings a sense of solidarity and strength giving us a sense of power. This is a common feeling, for instance, lets consider us when it comes down to support our military; above all things, despite our differences in religion, socio-economic status, ages, gender, etc.†¦ majority support their actions because they make sense and they are in theShow MoreRelatedMy Passion For The Field Of Psychology1091 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional re sponse from my family. This response was based on the trauma we all experienced during the 2003 Liberian civil war. Trying to understand that incident left a lot of unanswered questions such as: Why did my mother panic, why did my sister lash out at my mother, and why didn t the sound of gunshots trigger any emotional response from me when we all experienced the war? 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Role and Performance of Government and Ngos in Relie F Free Essays

ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Role and Performance of Government and NGOs in Relief Assistance: A Case Study of 2005 Earthquake61 Khalil Ahmad(Corresponding author) Assistant Professor of Economics University of the Punjab, Lahore Tanveer Ahmed Naveed Lecturer, Department of Economics University of Gujrat Sami Ullah Lecturer, Department of Economics University of Gujrat Tahir Rashid Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Role and Performance of Government and Ngos in Relie F or any similar topic only for you Order Now D. Scholar at Government College University, Lahore (Pakistan) Abstract This study investigates the role and performance of Pakistan government and humanitarian agencies during relief and emergency aid assistance to 2005 earthquake victims. This comparative study is based on empirical data collected from 30 most affected villages of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK through a sample survey on 1st anniversary of 2005 earthquake. About 500 randomly selected heads of the families were interviewed in the sampled area. Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test is used to compare the relief assistance provision and satisfaction shown by sufferers toward government agencies and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) during relief program. While Chi-Squire test is used only to investigate the relationship between affected areas and respondents’ demographic characteristics. Evidently, results show that the NGOs provided more relief items in a better way to victims of 2005 earthquake than did the Government of Pakistan. This study will be helpful in disaster management planning at government and non-governmental levels. Keywords: Performance; Earthquake; NGOs; Government; Relief Efforts BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Pakistan experienced a destructive earthquake on October 8, 2005, at 8:50 PST, intensity of 7. 6 measuring on Richter scale. Arguably, this was the most devastating disaster in Pakistan’s history. The earthquake epicenter was located 100 kilometers north-northeast of Islamabad. Intensity of losses increased by a series of aftershocks, more than 1000 aftershocks ‘ranging from magnitude 5. 0 to 6. 0’ were recorded as of October 27th in IndiaPakistan Kashmir region. 61 Authors are very thankful to PATTAN Development Organization (National NGO) and Dr. S. M. Naseem for financial help and motivation in study conduction COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1726 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 At least 73,000 people had died, another 70,000 had been severely injured or disabled and over 2. 8 million persons have been left without shelter. In addition, 600,000 houses, 6,298 schools and 796 health facilities were demolished. About 6,440 kilo meters roads were damaged and 50-70% of the water supply, sanitation, telecommunication and power infrastructure was rendered un-operational. Pakistan 2006) It is nearly impossible to figure out exact economic impact of earthquake 2005. In total, about US$5. 2 billion was estimated cost of earthquake; includes cost of relief provision to victims, restoration of livelihood support and short, medium and long term reconstruction (ADB and World Bank, 2005). The most immediate task was rescue of people trapped in collapsed buildings and to transport them at safer places along with provision of relief to survivors to save the lives and to secure the dignity of affected population (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006). The Government of Pakistan immediately realized the enormity of the task and appealed to the international community for emergency assistance. The Government of Pakistan and national international agencies took immediate measures for rescue, relief and reconstruction for 3. 5 million affected people of NWFP and AJK. Generally, donor agencies and the external sources prefer to channelize emergency assistance to disaster victims through international and/or indigenous NGOs due to all pervasive corruption and misappropriation of relief funds on the part of the Governments. The government of Pakistan and participating slocal, national, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) with the help of domestic and external sources initiated massive rescue and relief activities in the area. (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006) Both, government of Pakistan and NGOs played important role in relief distribution and rehabilitation activities. Government of Pakistan established the central coordination office for rescue and relief started to work at Prime Minister (PM) Secretariat immediately after the earthquake. Federal Relief Commission was established on 10th October 2005 to mobilize all resources, to coordinate activities and to facilitate flow of relief goods (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006). The Federal Relief Commission (FRC) of Pakistan Government, Armed Forces, International donors, UN agencies and local NGOs joined hands to undertake the huge operation for delivering emergency relief against challenges such as mountainous terrain, distant and difficult to access communities, changing weather conditions, resource constraint, and overwhelming suffering of the people. On March 31st 2006, the Government of Pakistan officially ended the ‘Relief’ phase and the Federal Relief Commission (FRC) was subsumed into Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA). Government of Pakistan, NGOs and international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) performed different rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities during the first year of the 2005 disaster. Relief provided by FRC with assistance from foreign governments, INGOs, NGOs, individuals and corporate sponsors are summarized in Table 1. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1727 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 1: Joint Relief Delivered to the Affected Population Relief Goods and Services Temporary Shelters to Families Tents Blankets / Quilts Ration( in tons) Medicines (in tons) Field Hospitals Established Field /Mobile Medical Teams Sorties Flown Quantity 385,000 951,790 6,361,090 256,376 3053. 76 65 86 30,334 JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Source: ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006 (From October 2005 to March 2006) Empirical studies suggest that nations with greater resources, better awareness and preparedness are more able to restore and move to normality faster than poor and less prepared nations during disasters. According to the Mid-America Earthquake Center, ‘‘the biggest earthquakes in the region (Pakistan India) are yet-to-come’’ (Boyd 2006, p. 1). â€Å"Theoretical studies indicate that the energy stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of several massive earthquakes of magnitude (greater than) 8. 0 in the future† (Shaheen 2007, p. ) â€Å"Theoretical studies indicate that the energy stored along the Himalayan arc suggests a high probability of several massive earthquakes of magnitude (greater than) 8. 0 in the future† (Shaheen 2007, p. 1). Research on disasters could be used as a tool for creating better preparedness to combat with future disasters. Further, it helps formulate a comprehensive strategy for disaster management. This research study based on Pakistan’s experience and response to disaster 2005 would be of greater importance for other countries facing similar disasters. Objectively, researchers have investigated various aspects of the 2005 earthquake. However, this study sheds light on role, responsibilities and performance of Governmental institutions and Non-governmental organizations during rescue and relief efforts. This study compares performance of the Pakistan government with NGOs with regard to management and distribution of emergency aid to 2005 earthquake victims during and immediately after the disaster. This comparison is based on data obtained from three most affected areas of NWFP (Pakistan) and AJK through a sample survey conducted on earthquake victims in October 2006, on the 1st anniversary of 2005 earthquake. Literature Review Pakistan is prone to frequent disasters that inflicted severe losses to property and lives. More frequent disasters are floods, droughts and earthquakes. However, the history reveals that earthquakes were the worst disasters regarding losses to lives (ERRA, Annual Review 2005 to 2006). In 1950, Pakistan witnessed the first severe flood disaster that claimed 2910 lives and affected more than 10,000 villages. Since then, floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been striking with regular intervals but none of the successive governments could ever devise a comprehensive strategy for disaster management (A Review of DMPS in Pakistan). There was a major earthquake in Quetta, Balochistan, in COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1728 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 1935 when the entire city was destroyed. From 1974 to 1990, approximately 5669 people were killed due to earthquakes in the Northern Areas (NA), NWFP and Balochistan (A Review of DMPS in Pakistan). A brief history of earthquakes in Pakistan along with intensity and resulting human losses is given in Table 2. Table 2: Details of Earthquakes in Pakistan Date May 31, 1935 November 28, 1945 December 28, 1974 October 8, 2005 October 29, 2008 Magnitude 7. 7. 8 6. 2 7. 6 6. 4 Deaths 30,000 – 60,000 4,000 5,300 80,000 215 Injuries and Destruction Tsunami 17,000 injured 3. 5 million people homeless 120,000 homeless District/Province Ali Jaan, Balochistan Balochistan Hunza, Hazara and Swat Muzaffarabad (AJK) Ziarat District, Quetta Source: www. wikipedia. org. com As Pakistan is in a seismic belt, therefore, it suffers from frequent earthquakes of small magnitudes. Mountain ranges of Koh-e-Suleman, Hind u Kush and Karakorum are significantly vulnerable. The devastation can be immense because of the poor quality of buildings and housing (A Review of DMPS in Pakistan). During the 2005 earthquake a large number of government buildings constructed by the contractors in AJK and Balakot area, collapsed in the first jerk of the quake. This is the overall impression of the people in the earthquake devastated areas that between 30 and 60 per cent of funds for government buildings, including schools, are spoiled by corrupt officials. Contractors habitual of such kickbacks spend less on quality materials resulting in poorly constructed buildings. Therefore, systemic corruption in government construction projects would be directly responsible for the devastating losses of next generation in northern areas of Pakistan (Shaheen, 2008). In addition, there was no adequate crisis management structure in Pakistan prior to the 2005 earthquake and none have any past experience to deal with such severe natural disasters. Although, the army and several NGO groups took the initiative in launching rescue and relief efforts, however, the onerous responsibility of reconstruction and rebuilding rested on the government (Prakash Ouis, 2001). Further, high dependence on natural resources makes communities vulnerable particularly to changes in resource condition (Pomeroy et al. , 2006). Mostly, all-pervasive corruption and abuse of relief aid by Government agencies and bureaucratic style of humanitarian organizations distracts them from the needs of the people they are supposed to assist, in favor of other values that their institutional frameworks dictate (Binini, 2006). This claim was tested by investigating the response to the Pakistan 2005 earthquake and a closer look at data suggests that there was not an optimal match between survivor needs and relief deliveries (Binini, 2006). A certain degree of coordination failure is, of course, inevitable in disasters of this scale. However, Pakistan’s domestic and external political situation made such co-ordination even more problematic and highlighted the need for a bottom up strategy to tap the resources at the local and grass-root levels. Literature represents different strategies adopted by the world by learning from experiences, how to combat with future disasters, how one can better prepare to face less socio-economic and COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1729 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 human losses. Many countries like Italy adopted insurance policy measures to combat natural catastrophes (Amendola, 2000). This raises the question whether government agencies and NGOs played the required role during relief phase of 2005 earthquake? Did the government or NGOs performed better during provision of relief aid to victims. Whether the international donations and NGO development programs aimed at reducing vulnerability to earthquakes are an appropriate response to the earthquake hazard or not (Shaheen, 2008). Are earthquake victims satisfied that relief provided by Government and NGOs was according to their need and secured dignity during relief disbursement? So did Pakistan learn any lesson? If yes, what policy planning Pakistan adopted for future Disaster Risk Mitigation? These all aspects are required to investigate for better preparedness, mitigation and for future disaster response. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role and performance of government of Pakistan and humanitarian agencies during relief and emergency aid assistance of 2005 earthquake victims. Further to evaluate, comparatively who performed better. This study will be helpful in disaster management planning at government and non-government levels. Typically, this study is unique in its nature and will be an imperative contribution to the body of research concerning disaster management in Pakistan. Methodology and Data collection The primary source of data for this research was field survey conducted in October 2006, immediately after the Pakistan government earthquake emergency relief assistance programs ended. About 500 household heads in the most affected districts (areas) of Pakistan and Kashmir â€Å"Mansehra, Bagh and Muzaffarabad† were contacted to investigate the role and performance of Government agencies and NGOs in various rescue, relief and rehabilitation programs. While survey team couldn’t conduct interviews in fourth most affected district â€Å"Batagram† due to adverse circumstances (i. . cultural, religious and political reasons, at the particular moment). Individual household was the basic sampling unit. â€Å"A household is a group of people in a dwelling unit living together as a family and sharing the same kitchen† (PAUL 2003). In the first stage of the design of the survey, out of nine, three most affected districts were selecte d. In the second stage, 15 most affected union councils were selected (5 UCs in each district). In the third stage, 30 villages or Mohalahs (for urban) were randomly selected. As affected area is consisted of diversified topography, so to find impartial and faultless response urban and rural localities were also considered. Similarly, male and female respondents were selected proportionately to find statistically reliable and significant results. A comprehensive questionnaire containing demographic information of respondents followed by data relating to socio-economic impact of disaster along with opinion questions with regard to the distribution of inflict relief by the government and NGOs were asked to household heads. A household head is defined as the person who makes the major economic, social, and household decisions, irrespective of this individual’s age and gender† (PAUL 2003). Key Questions 1. Comparatively, who performed better during rescue and relief phase of 2005 earthquake, the NGOs or Government of Pakistan? COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1730 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF C ONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 a. Who provided more relief to the 2005 earthquake victims in the emergency/relief phase? . To what extent 2005 earthquake victims are satisfied with the Government and NGOs’ performance Performance is measured by ‘both’ provision of relief items to affectees and satisfaction level shown by respondents toward Government agencies and NGOs. Relief includes following items; rescue, transportation, shelters, food, bedding, cooking utensils, information and awareness, education, training, money, health facilities that were essentially required soon after disaster to survivors to live with dignity. Whereas variable government includes; Army, ERRA, PERRA, DRU, Local Administration, Federal Government, and other governmental institutions that took part in rescue and relief phase. Moreover, Non-governmental Organizations includes; indigenous NGOs, International NGOs, UN Agencies. Analysis Techniques To analyze the amount of external support provided to the afectees by the government and to test whether the amount of received support was in accordance with their socio-economic conditions, chi-square test of association and Mann-Whitney Test (nonparametric tests) are used. Chi-Squire test is used only to investigate the relationship between affected areas and respondents’ demographic characteristics (occupation, education, sex and locality). Mann-Whitney Test is used to determine if a difference exists between performances of two groups: Government and NGOs. Unlike t-test, Mann-Whitney Test does not require normal distribution of data (MacFarland, 1998). Subsequent analysis is performed by using the SPSS. The nature of the relationship between socio-economic indicators receipt of assistance will be helpful for evaluation of the equitability and performance of the government and NGOs relief assistance efforts during earthquake 2005. In general, there is a positive relationship between the amount of emergency aid received by earthquake victims and their socio-economic conditions. Poor victims, owing to their weak political and economic power, receive much less assistance than rich victims. Results and Discussion Devastation of 2005 earthquake could be portrayed by housing destruction of affected regions. Data represents that 100% living was affected by disaster. In total, 75% people substantiated complete demolition of houses, while remaining 25% claimed partial damage. Table 3 explains the area wise house damage caused by earthquake. Remarkably, data regarding house damage shows approximately similar trends as shown in district profiles prepared by ERRA. Table 3: Destruction of housing by 2005 Earthquake House damage Completely Damaged Partially damaged Not damaged Total Bagh 80. 7% 18. 4% 0. 9% 100% Area wise breakdown Mansehra Muzaffarabad 77. 5% 69. % 22. 0% 30. 1% 0. 6% 0. 00% 100% 100% Total 75. 2% 24. 4% 0. 4% 100% COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1731 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Nearly, all the respondents reported that they had received the external aid ‘in any form’, either from governmental agencies, NGOs, INGOs, friends/relatives or from individual p hilanthropists. Collectively, about 85% respondents ranked NGOs and Government agencies topmost helping hands during relief phase. The remaining 15% reported that they seek assistance either from relatives, friends, neighbors, individual philanthropists and they ranked the same at top. The following analysis of the assistance received by victims is based on the response of 85% of respondents who availed some form of assistance. Table 4 shows selected characteristics of the respondents; mainly they were segregated into four occupational groups: farming, services, business, and others. Mountainous geographic location of the area is the reason that only 6. % of the selected population is engaged in farming and 19. 7% in business profession. Moreover, majority of respondents (68%) were employed in services sector (including both public and private services). The analysis based on Chi-square test reveals that there was a significant difference in the occupational characteristics of respondents in all the three sites covered in the present Table 4: Percentage Distribution of Demographic characteristics of the responde nts Characteristics Profession Farming Services Business Others Bagh 5. 4 69. 6 19. 6 5. 4 100 39. 13. 3 31. 9 15 100 25. 2 74. 8 100 55. 3 44. 7 100 Districts Mansehra Muzzaffarabad 11. 7 2. 6 59. 6 74. 7 20. 5 19. 1 8. 2 3. 6 100 100 47. 7 13. 8 23. 0 15. 5 100 22. 2 77. 8 100 52. 6 47. 4 100 46. 2 9. 7 25. 1 19. 0 100 38. 8 61. 2 100 48. 5 51. 5 100 Total 6. 5 68. 1 19. 7 5. 7 100 45. 2 12. 0 25. 9 16. 8 100 29. 7 70. 3 100 51. 6 48. 4 100 X2=18. 490 (df=6; p=0. 005) Education Illiterate 1-5 years 6-10 years Above 10 years X2=5. 531 (df=6; p=0. 478) Locality Urban Rural X2=13. 889 (df=2; p=0. 001) Sex Male Female Total X2=1. 451 (df=2; p=0. 484) study. Analysis indicates greater dependency of the affected area population on non-farming income generation sources. While in Mansehra (NWFP) 11% of respondents disclosed that their major source of income was agriculture which was highest engagement in farming throughout study area. The survey data revealed that sample consisted of 45% illiterate respondents. Further gender analysis shows that illiterate women ratio was significantly higher than male illiterate population i. e. 70% and 30% respectively of total 45%. Table 5 illustrates discriminating behavior of society regarding educational acilities to female population of the area. Chi-Squire test shows highly significant results, that is educational COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1732 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 level is drastically different between male and female population of selected area. Interestingly, official data regarding gender wise literacy also have approximately similar trends. Table 5: Gender wise breakdown of educational level of respondents (in Percentage) Illiterate 1-5 years Male 30. 64. 9 Female 69. 7 35. 1 Total 100. 0 100. 0 X2=76. 827 (df=3; p=0. 000) Sex Educational Level 6-10 years Above 10 years 64. 8 79. 0 35. 2 21. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Total 51. 6 48. 4 100. 0 The null hypothesis that there is no difference in provision of relief assistance to 2005 earthquake victims by Government and NGOs was tested by using Mann-Whitney test. Significance can be verified by comparing the computed test statistic (e. g. , U) with its critical value. By interpretation of the p (probability) value, it is observed that p= 0. 005, which is smaller than the 0. 05. Comparison of test statistics with its table value and the probability method both suggest the rejection of Null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between government-provided relief aid and that of NGOs. Further the higher mean rank for NGOs (518 vs. 467) supports the conclusion that the NGOs provided more relief items in better way to victims of 2005 earthquake than Government of Pakistan. Table 6: Comparison of Relief Support Groups N Mean Rank Government 492 467. 53 Relief Support NGOs 492 517. 47 Total 984 Test Statistics Test Statistic Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Sum of Ranks 230022. 50 254597. 50 Relief Support 108744. 500 230022. 500 -2. 824 0. 005 Evidently performance is directly associated with satisfaction. Satisfaction is persons feeling of pleasure as a result of comparing a product perceived outcome in relation to his/her expectations. Consequently, if the performance exceeds the expectation, the beneficiary is very satisfied. If outcome equals the expectation, the receiver is satisfied. But if the performance falls below the expectation, then the recipient is dissatisfied. In this study Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test is used to compare satisfaction shown by sufferers toward government and NGOs role during relief program. Test shows extremely significant results. Similar to 1st null hypothesis, 2nd null hypothesis is also significantly rejected, that is, there is no difference in satisfaction shown by victims towards NGOs and Government of Pakistan for relief provision. Further, it explains that NGOs (including both the indigenous and the international) prevailing in Pakistan have played an effective and impartial role in the distribution of relief assistance than did the government organizations. So results show that COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1733 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 credibility of NGOs bottom-up approach is higher than that of the government based on topdown directives. In so for as performance is concerned, people are more satisfied with the role played by NGOs/INGOs as compared to Government Agencies during the relief phase. Table 7: Comparison of Satisfaction Groups/Satisfaction Government NGOs Total Statistic Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) N 492 492 984 Mean Rank 354. 310976 630. 3689024 Sum of Ranks 174478. 5 310141. 5 Test Statistics Satisfaction 53200. 5 174478. 5 -15. 242 0. 000 Conclusion In 2005, Pakistan experienced the most disturbing earthquake in its history. Pakistan government and humanitarian agencies initiated wide range of relief efforts for the survival of victims. This study is an effort to compare the relief d isbursement efforts carried out by the NGOs and the government. Further, it looks at the possible association between socioeconomic characteristics of the disaster victims and the amount of assistance they received from the government and/or from the NGOs. To probe these objectives, this study used a primary data in which 500 household heads of 30 villages of 15 union councils of three districts have been interviewed. The analysis of data indicates that though both, government of Pakistan and NGOs’ played significant role during rescue and relief assistance, the majority of respondents reported that they were more satisfied by the NGOs work compared to government efforts. Further majority of the respondents believed that NGOs performed much better in relief provision than the government of Pakistan. Recognition to NGOs efforts could be due to non-bureaucratic working style, proper need assessment, ensuring victim participation in decision making, acting as per sphere standards while helping the communities. Moreover, wide range of experience in working with effected communities and use of more participatory approach made them more efficient and successful. Respondents’ opinions regarding less efficient role of government could be due to unmet very high and irrational victims’ expectations. Further NGOs are supposed to work in specified area with having fewer responsibilities and more skills. Whereas governments’ working area and responsibilities are spread to all affected population regardless of degree of severity. Moreover, important policy implication of this study is that if government agencies would not handle relief efforts effectively and efficiently than donor agencies may rethink their procedure and channelize future emergency aid and development funding through NGOs or sub-offices. This mistrust has been experienced by government of Pakistan in current flood disaster on both, public and donors’ ends. But optimistically this might lead to COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1734 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 expansion of NGOs in Pakistan. So government need not only develop institutional and technical skills to cope with future disasters but also consider expansion to NGOs as alternative to mitigate the hazards and strive to strengthen them. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1735 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS References JUNE 2011 VOL 3, NO 2 Action Aid International (2006), The Evolving UN Cluster Approach in the Aftermath of the Pakistan Earthquake: An NGO Perspective. Action Aid International, London. ADB-WB (2005), Preliminary damages and need assessment—Pakistan 2005 earthquake, prepared by Asian Development Bank and World Bank, Islamabad, Pakistan, November 12, 2005. Amendola, Aniello, 2000, ‘Earthquake Risk Management: A case study for an Italian Region†, International Institute for Applied Systems, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Benini, A. A. et al. , 2006, ‘Survivor Needs or Logistical Convenience? Factors Shaping Decisions to Delive’ Blackwell, doi:10. 1111/j. 0361-3666. 2008. 01065. x Boyd, J. (2006), Preliminary report: Future quakes in Pakistan inevitable, http://www. media. rice. edu/media/NewsBot. asp? MODE=VIEW=8166, Accessed on 23-04-2011 at 17:00. MacFarland, T. W. (1998), ‘Mann-Whitney U-Test’ viewed August 2010. http://www. nyx. net/~tmacfarl/STAT_TUT/mann_whi. ssi Pakistan, Government of (2005), ‘A review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan’ Islamabad. Pakistan, Government of (2006), Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA), Annual Review 2005-06. Paul, B. K. 2002, ‘Relief assistance to 1998 flood victims: a comparison of the performance of the government and NGOs’ The Geographical journal, Vol. 169, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 75-89. Pomeroy, R. S, Blake D. Ratner Stephen J. Hall 2006, ‘Coping with disaster: Rehabilitating coastal livelihoods and communities’ Elsevier, Marine Policy 30, PP 786–793. Shaheen, M. A. (2007), Academic Institutions and Libraries of Pakistani Administered Kashmir: A Pre and Post Earthquake Analysis, A Paper read on 73rd IFLA General Conference and Council held on 19-23 August 2007 at Durban, South Africa. Shaheen, M. A. (2008), ‘Earthquake effects on educational institutions and libraries of Azad Kashmir An appraisal’, Emerald, Vol. 57, No. 6, 2008, pp. 449-456. COPY RIGHT  © 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 1736 Copyright of Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business is the property of Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. How to cite Role and Performance of Government and Ngos in Relie F, Essay examples

The Allegory of the Cave Essay Example

The Allegory of the Cave Paper Allegory of the Cave, Plato In this essay I will discuss Platos Allegory of the Cave and how it expresses his philosophical view on reality versus belief and the process someone has to undergo to achieve enlightenment. Plato lived 427-327 B.C his mentor was Socrates, Plato was a writer and a teacher he writes in forms of dialogues. Plato believed that education is only directing students minds towards what is important and real. For people to achieve enlightenment they have to apprehend things for themselves. He also thought that the universe, in the end, was good. Enlightened individuals to Plato have a bind on reality unlike the rest of society. In order to have a good society Plato believed it must be ruled by the truly wise. The Allegory of the Cave is in book VII of the Republic, which is Platos best-known work.(Kreis, Steven.May 13, 2004).The Allegory of the Cave is his best known metaphor. The Allegory of the cave is a way of explaining what Plato is trying to get across to people by looking at appearance versus reality and the steps leading to reality. He is talking to a follower of his named Glaucon and he is telling this fable to show what it is like to be a philosopher or a lover of wisdom.Platos cave has people who are unlearned of theory of forms chained unable to move their heads or limbs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Allegory of the Cave specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A fire burns behind them, between the fire and theprisoners there is a parapet where people can go to hold up puppets such as animals, plants and other things to cast shadows on the cave walls that the prisoners can see. The prisoners can hear echoes and see the shadows cast by the objects but arent able to see the real objects. So what they are naming the shapes which are all the reality they know but really their shadows of images. The prisoners are mistaking appearance for reality.The prisoners would see the shadows as being real and they would know nothing of the real causes of the shadows.